防护条件下梭梭幼苗生长及养分吸收特性

以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘管件防护与传统移栽2种方式移栽的梭梭幼苗为实验材料,通过野外监测与室内分析,探讨了管件防护条件下梭梭幼苗的生长及养分吸收特性。结果表明:整个生育期内,管件防护梭梭幼苗的各生长指标与传统移栽苗相比,增幅最大的为茎粗,其次为株高。年周期内管件防护梭梭幼苗的生物量呈递增趋势,单株生物量累积可达45.25 g·株~(-1);净增加27.10 g·株~(-1),是传统移栽苗的1.38倍(P0.05)。管件防护梭梭幼苗体内的氮素、磷素、钾素含量呈先升高后降低趋势,在同化枝生长期达到峰值,分别为11.376 g·kg~(-1)、1.066 g·kg~(-1)和23.340 g·kg~(-1),较传统移栽苗高24%、15%和8%,差异显著;而其梭梭幼苗氮素、磷素、钾素的总积累量却呈递增趋势,年净增积累量分别为0.297 g·株~(-1)、0.027 g·株~(-1)和0.560 g·株~(-1),是传统移栽苗的2.23倍、1.72倍和1.65倍;各时期梭梭幼苗体内的氮素、磷素、钾素含量及总积累量均高于传统移栽苗。     

内蒙古乌拉盖草原湿地中下游植被退化演替趋势分析

针对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟东乌旗乌拉盖草原湿地植被退化问题,采用植被生态调查方法进行生态损伤评估和植被演替趋势分析.调查结果表明:在乌拉盖河截流5年内,乌拉盖湿地中下游植被退化迅速,原生植被的建群种和优势种基本消失,群落高度和盖度迅速降低,原生植被群落重要值显著降低,次生植被群落重要值增加;植物种的数量大量减少,植物多样性严重降低;一年生草本植物数量和比例明显高于多年生草本植物,部分荒漠化严重地区还出现超旱生植物小果白刺(Nitraria sibirica Pall.);乌拉盖草原湿地已经从草原湿地植被演替为碱蓬盐化草甸植被和盐漠化裸地.     

治理开发乌兰布和沙地建立新型的沙产业经济开发区

分析乌兰布和沙地的资源潜力，探讨治理开发沙区，建立新型的沙产业开发区的可行性、产业布局及应注意的问题。     

贝加尔针茅草原土壤线虫与微生物群落特征及其相互作用

分析了在施氮环境下内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物和土壤线虫群落特征及相互作用。结果表明,不同的施氮水平显著影响土壤微生物真菌和细菌群落结构和数量,但对土壤微生物群落总量的影响并不显著;对土壤线虫食细菌类群（Bacterivores）、食真菌类群（Fungivores）和植物寄生性类群（Plant parasites）数量影响显著,同时影响土壤线虫的物种丰富度（SR）和群落结构的稳定性。土壤中的植物寄生性类群线虫与土壤中细菌群落、真菌群落和真菌/细菌之间呈显著正相关,土壤真菌群落与土壤线虫群落的丰富度（SR）、均匀度（J'）和结构指数（WI）也有明显的相关性。施氮对土壤真菌群落的影响大于对土壤细菌群落的影响,土壤中的真菌群落与土壤中植物寄生性类群线虫具有相互促进的作用,增加了植物受线虫感染的几率,同时施氮也改变了土壤线虫的群落结构。     

不同降水年型黄土高原半干旱撂荒草地水分收支特征

以黄土高原六道沟流域半干旱撂荒草地为研究对象,根据2014—2017年连续观测得到的降水量(P)、蒸散量(ET)、土壤贮水量(S)和植被组成等数据,研究了不同降水年型下撂荒草地的水分收支特征。结果显示:(1)观测前期平水年下0—50cm土层土壤贮水量呈现缓慢下降趋势,以第三年的一场暴雨(109.60mm/d)为分界,后期土壤贮水量总体增加,但波动幅度大增,受蒸散量增加的影响,土壤水分消耗明显;(2)年总蒸散量呈逐年升高的趋势,在平水年下,地表蒸散年际变化主要受气候条件影响,丰水年下,地上生物量的作用明显;(3)水分收支呈现季节性,2—6月为撂荒草地的缺水期,7月—次年1月为丰水期,四年观测结果显示草地处于总体水分亏缺状态(总亏缺165.60mm),存在对深层土壤水(50cm以下)的大量消耗。研究结果表明:撂荒草地水分的持续损失是导致撂荒草地发生演替的重要原因,演替过程中植物深层土壤水的大量消耗可能会导致形成的次生草地土壤水分条件更差,需要加强人为干预措施,防止草地再次退化。     

退化高寒草原浅层土壤冻融作用特征分析

为了探讨退化高寒草原浅层土壤冻融特征,设置研究样地,测定不同退化程度草地0～40cm土层在一个完整冻融周期的土壤温度变化数据,对退化高寒草原浅层土壤冻融作用的发生时间、土壤温度的时空变化等规律进行分析。结果表明:随着高寒草原退化程度的加剧,土壤冻结、消融起始日期提前,重度退化较未退化各土层冻结、消融起始日期分别提前7～12d、16～26d;不同退化程度样地土壤冻结至消融历时207～226d,冻结持续时间随退化程度的加剧而缩短;0～40cm土层,随土层的加深,土壤进入冻结和消融的起始日期延迟,冻结持续时间延长;随退化程度加剧,0～40cm土层完成冻结和消融用时缩短,更快地进入冻结和消融状态;不同退化程度样地土壤冻结锋面自地表向较深土层下移速度不同,退化程度越重,土温梯度及变化速率越大,土壤更易升温和降温;研究样地土温与气温存在相关性,随着退化程度的加剧,各土层土温与气温的相关系数分别为0.907～0.656、0.930～0.681、0.939～0.723、0.942～0.793,土温与气温的相关程度随着退化程度的加剧而增强、随着土层的加深而减弱。在退化高寒草原研究样地,不同退化程度及不同土层影响土壤冻结、消融的发生时间,冻结持续时间,温度变化幅度和速率以及土温对气温的响应程度,由退化导致的土壤冻融作用特征的改变,均不利于高寒草原生态系统的稳定。     

水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物群落的影响

【目的】了解水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物的影响,进而从土壤动物角度解读全球变化对荒漠草原的生态效应。【方法】2014年植物生长季,以内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,设置对照(CK,自然降雨状态)、减雨(R)、增雨(W)、施氮(N)、减雨施氮(R+N)和增雨施氮(WN)6个处理,观测不同处理中小型土壤动物群落和土壤环境参数的变化。【结果】短花针茅荒漠草原共捕获中小型土壤动物333 079.5只/m~2,隶属于节肢动物门的4纲10目47科,主要为弹尾纲(Collembola)、蛛形纲(Arachnida)和昆虫纲(Insecta);优势类群为疣虫兆科(Neanoridae)和等节科(Isotomidae),优势类群和常见类群构成了研究样地中小型土壤动物群落的主体。增雨、增雨施氮有助于提高短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物个体密度,减雨、减雨施氮处理减少中小型土壤动物个体密度,且水氮交互作用对中小型土壤动物个体密度影响表现显著,而对类群数无显著影响。短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物具有明显表聚性,各处理下0~10cm土层个体密度和类群数显著高于10~20cm土层(P0.05)。【结论】在未来降雨增加和氮沉降的全球变化背景下,中小型土壤动物个体密度的变化可能会更大。     

Long-term grazing exclusion influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their association with vegetation in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia,China

It is not certain that long-term grazing exclusion influences arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi and their association with steppe vegetation. In this study, soil and plant samples were collected from two sites of grazing exclusion since 1983(E83) and 1996(E96), and one site of free-grazing(FG) in the typical steppe of Xilinguole League, Inner Mongolia, China, and assayed for soil basic physicochemical properties, AM fungal parameters, aboveground biomass and shoot phosphorus(P) uptake as well. The results showed that long-term grazing exclusion of E83 and E96 led to less drastic seasonal changes and significant increases in spore density, hyphal length density and root colonization intensity of AM fungi and even soil alkaline phosphatase activity, by up to 300, 168, 110 and 102%, respectively, compared with those of FG site. In addition, the total aboveground biomass and shoot P uptake of E83 and E96 were 75–992% and 58–645%, respectively, higher than those of FG. Generally, the root colonization intensity, spore density, and hyphal length density of AM fungi were all positively correlated with the aboveground biomass and even shoot P uptake of plant. These results may imply that grazing exclusion play a critical role in increasing the growth of AM fungi, and subsequently, may increase plant P uptake and aboveground biomass production. Moreover, the spore density could sensitively reflect the impacts of long-term grazing exclusion on AM fungi since survival strategy of spores in soil.     

Silicon distribution in meadow steppe and typical steppe of northern China and its implications for phytolith carbon sequestration

Silicon (Si) not only plays an important role in plant growth but also contributes significantly to the long‐term terrestrial carbon sink in the form of phytoliths. This study investigated Si content of 184 plant species in meadow steppe and typical steppe of northern China to examine the influential factors of Si distribution and evaluate the potential phytolith carbon sequestration of these grasslands. Our results indicated that the average Si content generally decreased in the following order of Equisetopsida > Monocotyledoneae > Dicotyledoneae. Within angiosperms, although most Si accumulator plants were commelinid monocots, many eudicots also accumulated abundant Si in their above‐ground tissues. The Si content of plant above‐ground parts in typical steppe (6.53 ± 2.88 g/kg) was significantly higher than that in meadow steppe (2.15 ± 0.92 g/kg). The estimated phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) production flux in typical steppe (0.81 ± 0.36 kg CO₂ ha^?1 year^?1) was higher than that in meadow steppe (0.54 ± 0.23 kg CO₂ ha^?1 year^?1). This study demonstrates that plant phylogeny influences the Si content of individual species, whereas grassland type with different mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature may significantly affect the abundance of high Si species. We conclude that increasing the abundance of grass species with high Si content in meadow steppe and appropriate grazing and fertilizer application in typical steppe will enhance the phytolith carbon sequestration in grasslands of northern China.